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Economy—overview: Poland today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition economies. The privatization of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms marked the rapid development of a private sector now responsible for 70% of economic activity. In contrast to the vibrant expansion of private non-farm activity, the large agriculture component remains handicapped by structural problems, surplus labor, inefficient small farms, and lack of investment. The government's determination to enter the EU as soon as possible affects all aspects of its economic policies. Improving Poland's worsening current account deficit also is a priority. To date, the government has resisted pressure for protectionist solutions and continues to support regional free trade initiatives. The government export strategy emphasizes a more aggressive export assistance program. Warsaw continues to hold the budget deficit to less than 2% of GDP. Further progress on public finance depends mainly on comprehensive reform of the social welfare system and privatization of Poland's remaining state sector. Restructuring and privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, and telecommunications) has begun. Long-awaited privatizations in aviation and energy are scheduled for 1999.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$263 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 5.6% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$6,800 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition
by sector:
agriculture:
5.1%
industry:
26.6%
services:
68.3% (1997)
Population below poverty line: 23.8% (1993 est.)
Household
income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest
10%: 4%
highest
10%: 22.1% (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 17.4 million (1998 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: industry and construction 29.9%, agriculture 26%, services 44.1% (1996)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1998)
Budget:
revenues:
$36.5 billion
expenditures:
$38.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Industries: machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 7.9% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 134.731 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production
by source:
fossil
fuel: 97.09%
hydro:
2.91%
nuclear:
0%
other:
0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 132.291 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 7.925 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 5.485 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, beef, milk, cheese
Exports: $27.2 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports—commodities: manufactured goods, chemicals 57%, machinery and equipment 21%, food and live animals 12%, mineral fuels 7%, other 3%
Exports—partners: Germany 32.9%, Russia 8.4%, Italy 5.9%, Ukraine 4.7%, Netherlands 4.7%, France 4.4%
Imports: $38.5 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Imports—commodities: manufactured goods, chemical 43%, machinery and equipment 36%, mineral fuels 9%, food and live animals 8%, other 4%
Imports—partners: Germany 24.1%, Italy 9.9%, Russia 6.3%, UK 5.5%, US 4.5%, France 5.9%
Debt—external: $42 billion (1997)
Economic aid—recipient: $4.312 billion (1995)
Currency: 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1—3.5409 (January 1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996), 2.4250 (1995); note—a currency reform on 1 January 1995 replaced 10,000 old zlotys with 1 new zloty; 22,723 (1994)
Fiscal
year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 8.2 million (1996)
Telephone
system: underdeveloped and outmoded system; government aims to have
10 million telephones in service by 2000; the process of partial privatization
of the state-owned telephone monopoly has begun
domestic:
cable, open wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellular networks
international:
satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic
and Indian Ocean regions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 27, FM 75, shortwave 1 (1994 est.)
Radios: 9.9 million registered (1996)
Television broadcast stations: 150 (1997)
Televisions:
9.4 million registered (1996)
Transportation
Railways:
total:
24,313 km
broad
gauge: 652 km 1.520-m gauge
standard
gauge: 22,243 km 1.435-m gauge (11,648 km electrified; 8,978 km double
track)
narrow
gauge: 1,418 km various gauges including 1.000-m, 0.785-m, 0.750-m, and
0.600-m (1996)
Highways:
total:
377,048 km
paved:
247,721 km (including 264 km of expressways)
unpaved:
129,327 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 3,812 km navigable rivers and canals (1996)
Pipelines: crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas 17,000 km (1996)
Ports and harbors: Gdansk, Gdynia, Gliwice, Kolobrzeg, Szczecin, Swinoujscie, Ustka, Warsaw, Wrocaw
Merchant
marine:
total:
61 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,162,954 GRT/1,866,462 DWT
ships
by type: bulk 53, cargo 3, chemical tanker 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1,
short-sea passenger 2 (1998 est.)
Airports: 92 (1998 est.)
Airports—with
paved runways:
total:
74
over
3,047 m: 2
2,438
to 3,047 m: 25
1,524
to 2,437 m: 38
914
to 1,523 m: 6
under
914 m: 3 (1998 est.)
Airports—with
unpaved runways:
total:
18
2,438
to 3,047 m: 1
1,524
to 2,437 m: 1
914
to 1,523 m: 9
under
914 m: 7 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)
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Última actualització: 8 de juny de 2000