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Economy—overview: After the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1989-91, Romania was left with an obsolete industrial base and a pattern of industrial capacity wholly unsuited to its needs. In February 1997, Romania embarked on a comprehensive macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform program, but reform subsequently has been a stop-and-go process. Restructuring programs include liquidating large energy-intensive industries and major agricultural and financial sector reforms. Today, Romania is continuing its difficult transition to a market-based economy. GDP contracted by an estimated 7.3% in 1998 after a 6.6% decline in 1997. Tight monetary policy and slower exchange rate depreciation earlier in 1998 helped lower inflation to an estimated 41% from 152% in 1997. The large current account deficit and concerns about meeting debt payments in 1999 contributed to increased pressure on the exchange rate towards the end of 1998. Replacing the IMF standby agreement (suspended because of lack of progress on structural reforms), servicing large debt payments, and bringing the budget under control are key priorities for 1999.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$90.6 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: -7.3% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$4,050 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition
by sector:
agriculture:
19%
industry:
41%
services:
40% (1997)
Population below poverty line: 21.5% (1994 est.)
Household
income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest
10%: 3.8%
highest
10%: 20.2% (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 41% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 10.1 million (1996 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: NA%
Unemployment rate: 9% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$10 billion
expenditures:
$11.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.3 billion (1997 est.)
Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production and refining
Industrial production growth rate: -17% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 59.245 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production
by source:
fossil
fuel: 72.11%
hydro:
26.35%
nuclear:
1.54%
other:
0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 60.045 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 800 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; milk, eggs, beef
Exports: $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Exports—commodities: textiles and footwear 23%, metals and metal products 18%, machinery and equipment 9%, chemicals 7% (1997)
Exports—partners: Italy 20%, Germany 17%, France 6%, Turkey 4% (1997)
Imports: $10.8 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Imports—commodities: machinery and equipment 23%, fuels and minerals 19%, chemicals 8%, foodstuffs (1997)
Imports—partners: Germany 16%, Italy 16%, Russia 12%, France 6% (1997)
Debt—external: $10 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $510.1 million (1995)
Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1—11,353.6 (January 1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2 (1996), 2,033.3 (1995), 1,655.1 (1994)
Fiscal
year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 2.6 million (1993 est.)
Telephone
system:
domestic:
poor service; 89% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is microwave
radio relay; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990 est.)
international:
satellite earth station—1 Intelsat; new digital international direct-dial
exchanges are in Bucharest (1993 est.)
Radio
broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0
note:
in 1995, 135 local radio stations were registered
Radios: 4.64 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 130 (in addition, there are about 400 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions:
4.58 million (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total:
11,376 km
broad
gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
standard
gauge: 10,889 km 1.435-m gauge (3,723 km electrified; 3,060 km double track)
narrow
gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994)
Highways:
total:
153,358 km
paved:
78,213 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved:
75,145 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992)
Ports and harbors: Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea
Merchant
marine:
total:
199 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,996,157 GRT/2,917,895 DWT
ships
by type: bulk 35, cargo 141, container 2, oil tanker 7, passenger 1, passenger-cargo
1, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 9, specialized tanker 1 (1998
est.)
Airports: 27 (1998 est.)
Airports—with
paved runways:
total:
21
over
3,047 m: 4
2,438
to 3,047 m: 6
1,524
to 2,437 m: 11 (1998 est.)
Airports—with
unpaved runways:
total:
6
1,524
to 2,437 m: 1
914
to 1,523 m: 3
under
914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1998 est.)
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Última actualització: 8 de juny de 2000