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Country
name:
conventional
long form: Russian Federation
conventional
short form: Russia
local
long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local
short form: Rossiya
former:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Government type: federation
Capital: Moscow
Administrative
divisions: oblasts (oblastey, singular—oblast'), 21 autonomous republics*
(avtonomnyk respublik, singular—avtonomnaya respublika), 10 autonomous
okrugs**(avtonomnykh okrugov, singular—avtonomnyy okrug), 6 krays*** (krayev,
singular—kray), 2 federal cities (singular—gorod)****, and 1 autonomous
oblast*****(avtonomnaya oblast'); Adygeya (Maykop)*, Aginskiy Buryatskiy
(Aginskoye)**, Altay (Gorno-Altaysk)*, Altayskiy (Barnaul)***, Amurskaya
(Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'skaya, Astrakhanskaya, Bashkortostan (Ufa)*,
Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya, Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude)*, Chechnya (Groznyy)*,
Chelyabinskaya, Chitinskaya, Chukotskiy (Anadyr')**, Chuvashiya (Cheboksary)*,
Dagestan (Makhachkala)*, Evenkiyskiy (Tura)**, Ingushetiya (Nazran')*,
Irkutskaya, Ivanovskaya, Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik)*, Kaliningradskaya,
Kalmykiya (Elista)*, Kaluzkskaya, Kamchatskaya (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk)*, Kareliya (Petrozavodsk)*, Kemerovskaya,
Khabarovskiy***, Khakasiya (Abakan)*, Khanty-Mansiyskiy (Khanty-Mansiysk)**,
Kirovskaya, Komi (Syktyvkar)*, Koryakskiy (Palana)**, Kostromskaya, Krasnodarskiy***,
Krasnoyarskiy***, Kurganskaya, Kurskaya, Leningradskaya, Lipetskaya, Magadanskaya,
Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola)*, Mordoviya (Saransk)*, Moskovskaya, Moskva (Moscow)****,
Murmanskaya, Nenetskiy (Nar'yan-Mar)**, Nizhegorodskaya, Novgorodskaya,
Novosibirskaya, Omskaya, Orenburgskaya, Orlovskaya (Orel), Penzenskaya,
Permskaya, Komi-Permyatskiy (Kudymkar)**, Primorskiy (Vladivostok)***,
Pskovskaya, Rostovskaya, Ryazanskaya, Sakha (Yakutsk)*, Sakhalinskaya (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk),
Samarskaya, Sankt-Peterburg (Saint Petersburg)****, Saratovskaya, Severnaya
Osetiya-Alaniya (Vladikavkaz)*, Smolenskaya, Stavropol'skiy***, Sverdlovskaya
(Yekaterinburg), Tambovskaya, Tatarstan (Kazan')*, Taymyrskiy (Dudinka)**,
Tomskaya, Tul'skaya, Tverskaya, Tyumenskaya, Tyva (Kyzyl)*, Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)*,
Ul'yanovskaya, Ust'-Ordynskiy Buryatskiy (Ust'-Ordynskiy)**, Vladimirskaya,
Volgogradskaya, Vologodskaya, Voronezhskaya, Yamalo-Nenetskiy (Salekhard)**,
Yaroslavskaya, Yevreyskaya*****; note—when using a place name with an adjectival
ending 'skaya' or 'skiy,' the word Oblast' or Avonomnyy Okrug or Kray should
be added to the place name
note:
the autonomous republics of Chechnya and Ingushetiya were formerly the
autonomous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechnya
and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); administrative divisions have
the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative
center name following in parentheses)
Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, June 12 (1990)
Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive
branch:
chief
of state: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991)
head
of government: Premier Yevgeniy Maksimovich PRIMAKOV (since 11 September
1998), First Deputy Premiers Yuriy Dmitriyevich MASLYUKOV (since 11 September
1998) and Vadim Anatol'yevich GUSTOV (since 11 September 1998); Deputy
Premiers Vladimir Broisovich BULGAK (since 11 September 1998), Gennadiy
Vasil'yevich KULIK (since 11 September 1998), and Valentin Ivanovna MATVIYENKO
(since 11 September 1998)
cabinet:
Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and
his deputies, ministers, and other agency heads; all are appointed by the
president
note:
there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and
policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates
policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly
to the president
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held
16 June 1996 with runoff election on 3 July 1996 (next to be held NA June
2000); note—no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot
exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the
premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a new
presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier
and deputy premiers appointed by the president with the approval of the
Duma
election
results: Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN elected president; percent of vote
in runoff—YEL'TSIN 54%, Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV 40%
Legislative
branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Federal'noye Sobraniye consists
of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats, filled ex-officio
by the top executive and legislative officials in each of the 89 federal
administrative units—oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts,
and the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg; members serve four-year
terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats, half elected
in single-member districts and half elected from national party lists;
members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:
State Duma—last held 17 December 1995 (next to be held NA December 1999)
election
results: State Duma—percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5%
threshold entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party list
seats—Communist Party of the Russian Federation 22.3%, Liberal Democratic
Party of Russia 11.2%, Our Home Is Russia 10.1%, Yabloko Bloc 6.9%; seats
by party—Communist Party of the Russian Federation 157, independents 78,
Our Home Is Russia 55, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 51, Yabloko Bloc
45, Agrarian Party of Russia 20, Russia's Democratic Choice 9, Power To
the People 9, Congress of Russian Communities 5, Forward, Russia! 3, Women
of Russia 3, other parties 15
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, judges are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president; Supreme Court, judges are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president; Superior Court of Arbitration, judges are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president
Political
parties and leaders:
pro-market
democrats: Yabloko Bloc [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]; Pravoye Delo
(Just Cause), a coalition of reformist, western-oriented movements [Yegor
Timurovich GAYDAR, Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV,
Sergey Vladlenovich KIRIYENKO]
centrists/special
interest parties: Fatherland [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV]; Russian People's
Republican Party [Aleksandr Ivanovich LEBED]; Our Home Is Russia [Viktor
Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN]
anti-market
and/or ultranationalist: Communist Party of the Russian Federation [Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia [Vladimir Vol'fovich
ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Working Russia
[Viktor Ivanovich ANPILOV and Stanislav TEREKHOV]; Russian National Unity
[Aleksandr BARKASHOV]
note:
some 150 political parties, blocs, and movements registered with the Justice
Ministry as of the 19 December 1998 deadline to be eligible to participate
in the scheduled December 1999 Duma elections; in 1995, 43 political organizations
qualified to run slates of candidates on the Duma party list ballot; among
the parties not listed above but holding seats in the Duma were Russia's
Democratic Choice, Power To the People, Congress of Russian Communities,
Forward, Russia!, and Women of Russia
International organization participation: APEC, BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MONUA, MTCR, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNOMSIL, UNPREDEP, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant), ZC
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Disputes—international: dispute over at least two small sections of the boundary with China remain to be settled, despite 1997 boundary agreement; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined among Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan; Estonian and Russian negotiators reached a technical border agreement in December 1996 which has not been ratified; draft treaty delimiting the boundary with Latvia has not been signed; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; 1997 border agreement with Lithuania not yet ratified; Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and Russia
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Última actualització: 8 de juny de 2000